بازار خرید و فروش انواع پارچه | پارچه بازار قیمت، خرید، فروش انواع پارچه
India`s INDC highlighted the challenges of eradicating poverty while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. About 24% of the world`s population without access to electricity (304 million) lived in India. Nevertheless, the country has planned to “reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030” compared to 2005 levels. The country has also tried to get about 40 percent of its electricity from renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels by 2030. The INDC noted that implementation plans from domestic resources would not be affordable: it estimated that at least $2.5 trillion would be needed to achieve climate action by 2030. India would achieve this goal through technology transfer (the relocation of capacity and equipment from more developed to less developed countries [LDCs]) and international financing, including support from the Green Climate Fund (a programme designed to support populations vulnerable to the effects of climate change through investments in low-emission technologies and climate-resilient development). This CFR backgrounder compares the actions countries are taking to combat climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992. The landmark agreement [PDF], ratified by 197 countries, including the United States, was the first global treaty to explicitly address climate change. It has established an annual forum, the Conference of the Parties (COP), for international discussions aimed at stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
These meetings resulted in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. It is rare that there is consensus among almost all nations on a single issue. But with the Paris Agreement, world leaders agreed that climate change is driven by human behavior, that it poses a threat to the environment and all of humanity, and that global action is needed to stop it. It also created a clear framework for all countries to make emission reduction commitments and strengthen these measures over time. Here are some key reasons why the deal is so important: The Paris Agreement reflects the collective belief of almost every nation on the planet that climate change is humanity`s war, and exposes America`s climate skeptics – including Trump – as global outliers. Indeed, mobilizing support for climate action across the country and around the world gives hope that the Paris Agreement marked a turning point in the fight against climate change. We can all contribute by looking for ways to reduce contributions to global warming – at the individual, local and national levels. The efforts will be worth rewarding a safer and cleaner world for future generations.
The American people believe in climate change – and are determined to do something about it. greencoast.org/kyoto-protocol-vs-paris-agreement/ While these steps are important for raising awareness and reducing some emissions, “everything is pretty small compared to governments around the world pursuing strong climate policies,” Michael Greenstone, a professor of economics at the University of Chicago, told CFR`s Why It Matters podcast. Recognizing that many developing countries and small island states that have contributed the least to climate change could suffer the most from its consequences, the Paris Agreement includes a plan for developed countries – and others that are “capable of doing so” – to continue to provide financial resources to help developing countries mitigate climate change and increase their resilience to climate change. The agreement builds on financial commitments from the 2009 Copenhagen Accord, which aimed to increase public and private climate finance for developing countries to $100 billion a year by 2020. (To put this in perspective, global military spending in 2017 alone amounted to about $1.7 trillion, more than a third of which came from the United States.) The Copenhagen Pact also created the Green Climate Fund to support the mobilisation of transformation finance with targeted public funds. The Paris Agreement established hope that the world would set a higher annual target by 2025 to build on the $100 billion target for 2020 and put in place mechanisms to achieve that scale. The NRDC is working to make the Global Climate Action Summit a success by inspiring more ambitious commitments to the historic 2015 agreement and increased initiatives to reduce pollution. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane are gases that accumulate in the atmosphere and prevent heat from radiating from the Earth`s surface into space, creating the so-called greenhouse effect.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the leading international scientific body dealing with this issue, the concentration of these heat storage gases has increased significantly since pre-industrial times to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide (the main cause of climate change) has increased by 40% since 1750, nitrous oxide by 20% and methane by 150% – mainly from the combustion of dirty fossil fuels. The IPCC says it is “extremely likely” that these emissions are mainly responsible for the rise in global temperatures since the 1950s. At the same time, deforestation and forest degradation have also contributed to their fair share of global carbon emissions. However, China and India, along with the United States, are among the world`s largest annual emitters. Developed countries have argued that these countries must now do more to combat climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a United Nations body established in 1988, regularly evaluates the latest climate science and produces consensus reports for countries. Among other requirements, countries must report on their greenhouse gas inventories and progress towards their targets so that external experts can assess their success. Countries should also reconsider their commitments by 2020 and present new targets every five years to further reduce their emissions. They must participate in a “global stocktaking” to measure collective efforts to achieve the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. .
